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17d731e9b8
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html/assets/style.css
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body, html {
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height: 100%;
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}
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.sr-only {
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position:absolute;
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left:-10000px;
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top:auto;
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width:1px;
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height:1px;
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overflow:hidden;
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}
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::-moz-selection {
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color: #000b13;
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background: #c42337;
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}
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::selection {
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color: #040404;
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background: #d7d9ce;
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}
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body {
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background-color: #040404;
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color: #119da4;
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font-family: monospace;
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font-size: 1.0em;
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display: flex;
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justify-content: center;
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align-items: center;
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flex-direction: column;
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max-width: 1500px;
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margin: auto;
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}
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header {
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text-align: center;
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font-size: 1.2em;
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header h1 {
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font-size: 4em;
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}
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header h2 {
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font-size: 2em;
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}
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header img {
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border-radius: 100%;
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width: 220px;
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margin: 10px;
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}
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header .socials {
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margin-top: 5px;
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list-style-type: none;
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font-size: 1.4em;
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}
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header .socials li {
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display: inline-block;
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}
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header .socials a {
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color: inherit;
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text-decoration: none;
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}
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header .socials a:hover {
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color: #d7d9ce;
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}
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.articles {
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margin-top: 50px;
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font-size: 1.3em;
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}
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.articles h3 {
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font-size: 1em;
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font-weight: 800;
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color: #f4b65c;
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}
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.articles ul {
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list-style-type: none;
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}
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.articles li {
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margin-top: 0.4em;
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margin-bottom: 0.4em;
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}
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.articles a {
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color: #7f8589;
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text-decoration: none;
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}
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.articles a:hover {
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color: #c42337;
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}
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article h1 {
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color: #f4b65c;
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margin-bottom: 0.7em;
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}
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article {
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font-size: 1.3em;
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}
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article p {
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padding-top: 3px;
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padding-bottom: 3px;
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text-align: justify;
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}
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article a {
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color: #119da4;
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text-decoration: none;
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}
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article a:hover {
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color: #d7d9ce;
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}
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html/blog/article.html
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html/blog/article.html
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|||||||
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<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<title>Juju</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.6">
|
||||||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/remixicon@2.5.0/fonts/remixicon.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<article>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Article</h1>
|
||||||
|
<p>Test</p>
|
||||||
|
</article>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
BIN
html/blog/conf_exploit/binary_exploitation.pdf
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BIN
html/blog/conf_exploit/binary_exploitation.pdf
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Binary file not shown.
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html/blog/conf_exploit/index.html
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html/blog/conf_exploit/index.html
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|
|||||||
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<title>Juju</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.6">
|
||||||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/remixicon@2.5.0/fonts/remixicon.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<article>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Introduction à la rétro-ingénierie et à l'exploitation logicielle</h1>
|
||||||
|
<h2>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g2eZSST7YE">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-youtube-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<a href="binary_exploitation.pdf">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-slideshow-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</h2>
|
||||||
|
</article>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
19
html/blog/index.html
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html/blog/index.html
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|
|||||||
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<title>Juju</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.6">
|
||||||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/remixicon@2.5.0/fonts/remixicon.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<article>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Posts</h1>
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<h3><a href=conf_exploit/>Introduction à la rétro-ingénierie et à l'exploitation logicielle [FR]</a></h3>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
</article>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
BIN
html/favicon.ico
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html/favicon.ico
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 15 KiB |
60
html/index.html
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html/index.html
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|
|||||||
|
<!--
|
||||||
|
Credits where it's due, https://landryl.fr who allowed me to use his css
|
||||||
|
-->
|
||||||
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<title>Juju</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.6">
|
||||||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/remixicon@2.5.0/fonts/remixicon.css" rel="stylesheet">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<header>
|
||||||
|
<img src="juju.jpg" alt="Photo of myself">
|
||||||
|
<h1>Juju</h1>
|
||||||
|
<ul class="socials">
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://github.com/Azomasiel/">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-github-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
<span class="sr-only">Github profile</span>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://git.juju.re/explore/repos">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-open-source-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
<span class="sr-only">Turbogit</span>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/julien-clement-0891ab199/">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-linkedin-box-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
<span class="sr-only">Linkedin profile</span>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://www.root-me.org/Azomasiel">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-skull-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
<span class="sr-only">Root-me profile</span>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://cryptohack.org/user/Azomasiel/">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-shield-keyhole-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
<span class="sr-only">Cryptohack profile</span>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
<ul class="socials">
|
||||||
|
<li>
|
||||||
|
<a href="blog/">
|
||||||
|
<i class="ri-booklet-line"></i>
|
||||||
|
<span class="sr-only">Github profile</span>
|
||||||
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
</header>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
BIN
html/juju.jpg
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html/juju.jpg
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|||||||
---
|
|
||||||
title: "Black box reversing | Archiver @ FCSC 2024"
|
|
||||||
date: "2024-04-13 22:00:00"
|
|
||||||
author: "Juju"
|
|
||||||
tags: ["Reverse", "Writeup", "fcsc"]
|
|
||||||
toc: true
|
|
||||||
---
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Intro
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This writeup is not a really serious one, if you are reading this
|
|
||||||
as part of the FCSC writeup reviews, my submitted writeups are
|
|
||||||
actually for `svartalfheim` and `megalosaure`. I still thought
|
|
||||||
it would be funny to include this one as it is not that long and
|
|
||||||
I think my solution is kind of unintended.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Basically we are given a `Windows` stripped binary, compiled
|
|
||||||
from `rust`. The binary is an encrypted archive manager.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This challenge managed to put every single reverser red flag
|
|
||||||
in a single binary.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I tried opening up the binary in `binary ninja` or `IDA`, but it
|
|
||||||
was as expected: stripped `rust`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So let's close this up, never touch it again and see what we can
|
|
||||||
do without reading the code or debugging.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/archiver/meme.jpg" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Challenge description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`reverse` | `490 pts` `5 solves` `:star::star:`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Notre équipe SIGINT a intercepté un e-mail contenant une pièce jointe
|
|
||||||
result.fcsc. Vu l'extension, il doit s'agir d'une archive au format
|
|
||||||
propriétaire FCSC. Nous avons pu récupérer l'utilitaire dans sa version
|
|
||||||
Windows, archiver.exe.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Vu le contenu de l'e-mail, ça a l'air assez important. Est-ce qu'on a une
|
|
||||||
chance de savoir ce qu'il y a dedans ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Votre prédécesseur, après avoir réussi une analyse similaire, a sombré
|
|
||||||
dans la folie et réside désormais dans un asile psychiatrique. Il
|
|
||||||
murmurait des mots étranges comme "TTD" et parlait sans arrêt de hardware
|
|
||||||
breakpoint.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Note : La chaîne que vous trouverez est à mettre entre FCSC{} pour avoir
|
|
||||||
le flag.
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Authors: `commial` `YoMama`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Given files
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[archiver.exe](/archiver/archiver.exe)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[result.fcsc](/archiver/result.fcsc)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Writeup
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Overview
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With the binary, we are also given a `result.fcsc`, which is
|
|
||||||
an archive encrypted with the given binary.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This archive contains the flag and we must decrypt it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ xxd result.fcsc
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 21e2 ae0f b85f de7b ........!...._.{
|
|
||||||
00000010: b246 ed90 194f 601e 041b 3c8a c6e9 37b1 .F...O`...<...7.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 878b d8e0 e796 a098 1800 0000 0000 0000 ................
|
|
||||||
00000030: d44a b96f ea76 8c55 73a0 7266 1a5e b5fd .J.o.v.Us.rf.^..
|
|
||||||
00000040: c3bf cc29 8ed7 e925 1800 0000 0000 0000 ...)...%........
|
|
||||||
00000050: f96d be51 956d 9342 7e3d 1c0d bbef ad7a .m.Q.m.B~=.....z
|
|
||||||
00000060: bc57 7bf0 f36a cb23 .W{..j.#
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Common fields
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Sizes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
First thing we can see are 3 `uint64_t` packed in little endian at offsets:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* `0x0`
|
|
||||||
* `0x28`
|
|
||||||
* `0x48`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Given how small these numbers are, they are probably representing
|
|
||||||
some sizes.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If we count manually, we see that the last two `uint64_t` represent the size of the data that immediatly follows them.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first one is still unknown but as it is `1`, it probably just
|
|
||||||
is the number of files in the archive.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### sha256
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now let's try to create our own archive:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n 'FCSC{test_flag}' > flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ ./archiver.exe create password test.db flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ xxd test.db
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 21e2 ae0f b85f de7b ........!...._.{
|
|
||||||
00000010: b246 ed90 194f 601e 041b 3c8a c6e9 37b1 .F...O`...<...7.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 878b d8e0 e796 a098 1800 0000 0000 0000 ................
|
|
||||||
00000030: 8257 3ccc 2608 498d b6b7 5801 740f 2e4e .W<.&.I...X.t..N
|
|
||||||
00000040: 8b36 0169 9273 2c91 1f00 0000 0000 0000 .6.i.s,.........
|
|
||||||
00000050: a278 0ee8 7308 548a 84af 1ad4 6c0c 0844 .x..s.T.....l..D
|
|
||||||
00000060: de13 a830 ea7f 4d37 19ea 7efe 14b5 c5 ...0..M7..~....
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Two things are already weird:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Everything is identical to the given archive until offset `0x30`
|
|
||||||
* This archive is larger than the given one. Either the flag is really small or data is compressed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's try to archive a really low entropy file to see if the archive is smaller:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa' > aaaaaaaa
|
|
||||||
$ ./archiver.exe create password low_entropy.db aaaaaaaa
|
|
||||||
$ xxd low_entropy.db
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 1f3c e404 15a2 081f .........<......
|
|
||||||
00000010: a3ee e75f c39f ff8e 56c2 2270 d1a9 78a7 ..._....V."p..x.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 249b 592d cebd 20b4 1800 0000 0000 0000 $.Y-.. .........
|
|
||||||
00000030: b2b6 ed4e 38bb 52b8 5cd7 12a7 7df6 261b ...N8.R.\...}.&.
|
|
||||||
00000040: 2bbf f8df 77c4 dfe8 1f00 0000 0000 0000 +...w...........
|
|
||||||
00000050: b2b6 ed4e 38bb 52b8 8876 7671 b114 9799 ...N8.R..vvq....
|
|
||||||
00000060: cb38 24e6 02f9 26f9 25ec a7b8 bdb9 56 .8$...&.%.....V
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I put exactly the same sizes in the file name and size data.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The resulting archive is exactly the same size so no compression
|
|
||||||
is performed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But wait ! Something changed !
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In our first archive, the firsts `0x30` bytes where identical
|
|
||||||
but now they differ starting at `0x8`, they differ for `0x20` bytes
|
|
||||||
before becoming the same again on the field we identified as a size.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Well, we changed two things: the filename and the file data.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is unlikely that we guessed the file data on our first try.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But the filename however ? What if the the format stores a hash
|
|
||||||
of the filename on `0x20` bytes at offset `0x8` ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n 'flag.txt' | sha256sum
|
|
||||||
21e2ae0fb85fde7bb246ed90194f601e041b3c8ac6e937b1878bd8e0e796a098 -
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Bingo ! It matches the bytes we have in our first custom archive
|
|
||||||
and the one given.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So we know that the filename is `flag.txt` and that the archives
|
|
||||||
stores the `sha256` of the filename at offset `0x8`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Cipher texts
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I wil now try to play with data sizes to identify what are the sizes in the binary refering to.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's create an archive with a filename 1 byte smaller, and data 1 byte larger:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa' > aaaaaaa
|
|
||||||
$ ./archiver.exe create password sizes.db aaaaaaa
|
|
||||||
$ xxd sizes.db
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 e462 4071 4b5d b3a2 .........b@qK]..
|
|
||||||
00000010: 3eee 6047 9a62 3efb a4d6 33d2 7fe4 f03c >.`G.b>...3....<
|
|
||||||
00000020: 904b 9e21 9a7f be60 1700 0000 0000 0000 .K.!...`........
|
|
||||||
00000030: 8ab9 acd8 126c cc48 064e 9843 2fa1 9492 .....l.H.N.C/...
|
|
||||||
00000040: 8503 ce34 399c 9820 0000 0000 0000 008a ...49.. ........
|
|
||||||
00000050: b9ac d812 6ccc f370 a362 da68 de94 c7d2 ....l..p.b.h....
|
|
||||||
00000060: aa91 eb29 2be2 0aa3 a74f fd99 4dc0 ca ...)+....O..M..
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Notice that the first `uint64_t` went from `0x18` to `0x17` and
|
|
||||||
the second one from `0x1f` to `0x20`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Thus the first size and data correspond to the encrypted file name, and the second one to the encrypted data.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We can also see that encrypted data is always exactly `0x10` bytes
|
|
||||||
larger that the plaintext. So it probably just adds a `0x10` bytes IV in front of it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Looking back at the original archive, we can thus see that the
|
|
||||||
the filename is `0x8` bytes large (which matches the `flag.txt`
|
|
||||||
we found) and the data is also `0x8` bytes large, thus confirming
|
|
||||||
the really small flag. (see below for a reminder of the original
|
|
||||||
archive)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ xxd result.fcsc
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 21e2 ae0f b85f de7b ........!...._.{
|
|
||||||
00000010: b246 ed90 194f 601e 041b 3c8a c6e9 37b1 .F...O`...<...7.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 878b d8e0 e796 a098 1800 0000 0000 0000 ................
|
|
||||||
00000030: d44a b96f ea76 8c55 73a0 7266 1a5e b5fd .J.o.v.Us.rf.^..
|
|
||||||
00000040: c3bf cc29 8ed7 e925 1800 0000 0000 0000 ...)...%........
|
|
||||||
00000050: f96d be51 956d 9342 7e3d 1c0d bbef ad7a .m.Q.m.B~=.....z
|
|
||||||
00000060: bc57 7bf0 f36a cb23 .W{..j.#
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Figuring out the crypto
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now I will try to get a file as close as possible as the original
|
|
||||||
flag and see how the resulting archive behaves to small
|
|
||||||
input mutations:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n '12345678' > flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ ./archiver.exe create password 12345678.db flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n '22345678' > flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ ./archiver.exe create password 22345678.db flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ xxd 12345678.db
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 21e2 ae0f b85f de7b ........!...._.{
|
|
||||||
00000010: b246 ed90 194f 601e 041b 3c8a c6e9 37b1 .F...O`...<...7.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 878b d8e0 e796 a098 1800 0000 0000 0000 ................
|
|
||||||
00000030: 8257 3ccc 2608 498d b6b7 5801 740f 2e4e .W<.&.I...X.t..N
|
|
||||||
00000040: 8b36 0169 9273 2c91 1800 0000 0000 0000 .6.i.s,.........
|
|
||||||
00000050: d509 6e9f 3d4a 06c1 9daa bebe f6cb c23b ..n.=J.........;
|
|
||||||
00000060: cf4e 3d32 2b68 09cf .N=2+h..
|
|
||||||
$ xxd 22345678.db
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 21e2 ae0f b85f de7b ........!...._.{
|
|
||||||
00000010: b246 ed90 194f 601e 041b 3c8a c6e9 37b1 .F...O`...<...7.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 878b d8e0 e796 a098 1800 0000 0000 0000 ................
|
|
||||||
00000030: 8257 3ccc 2608 498d b6b7 5801 740f 2e4e .W<.&.I...X.t..N
|
|
||||||
00000040: 8b36 0169 9273 2c91 1800 0000 0000 0000 .6.i.s,.........
|
|
||||||
00000050: d609 6e9f 3d4a 06c1 cc6e be60 dd5d 8214 ..n.=J...n.`.]..
|
|
||||||
00000060: 05bb cadc 0bf1 e4b8 ........
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Most part of the two archives are identical, as expected.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But maybe a little bit too much identical:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Look at the IV of the file data's cipher text (offset `0x50`)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first 8 bytes are almost identical, only the first one
|
|
||||||
has been increased by one.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Could it be that the IV is generated with the clear text data ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's try with an other data:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ echo -n '32345678' > flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ ./archiver.exe create password 32345678.db flag.txt
|
|
||||||
$ xxd 32345678.db
|
|
||||||
00000000: 0100 0000 0000 0000 21e2 ae0f b85f de7b ........!...._.{
|
|
||||||
00000010: b246 ed90 194f 601e 041b 3c8a c6e9 37b1 .F...O`...<...7.
|
|
||||||
00000020: 878b d8e0 e796 a098 1800 0000 0000 0000 ................
|
|
||||||
00000030: 8257 3ccc 2608 498d b6b7 5801 740f 2e4e .W<.&.I...X.t..N
|
|
||||||
00000040: 8b36 0169 9273 2c91 1800 0000 0000 0000 .6.i.s,.........
|
|
||||||
00000050: d709 6e9f 3d4a 06c1 fcd2 be2a c42f bdf1 ..n.=J.....*./..
|
|
||||||
00000060: 43e8 9879 eb86 bf95 C..y....
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Again, patching slightly the `n`th byte of the clear text only
|
|
||||||
patched slightly the `n`th byte of the IV.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I played with some values and noticed that the operation performed
|
|
||||||
is actually a xor:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
>>> 0xd7 ^ ord('3')
|
|
||||||
228
|
|
||||||
>>> 0xd6 ^ ord('2')
|
|
||||||
228
|
|
||||||
>>> 0xd5 ^ ord('1')
|
|
||||||
228
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So the clear text is xored with a key to generate the IV,
|
|
||||||
but I do not know the said key, which seems to be derived
|
|
||||||
from the archive password.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Known plaintext
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Or do I ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Remember that I know that filename is `flag.txt`, and that I have
|
|
||||||
an associated ciphertext.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With a little bit of luck, the IV of the filename cipher text
|
|
||||||
is generated with the key:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
>>> 0x82 ^ ord('f')
|
|
||||||
228
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Looks like it does.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Since I have a known plaintext, example cipher text.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I can simply, xor the plaintext with the filename IV to recover
|
|
||||||
the xor key.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Then apply the same key to the file data IV to recover the
|
|
||||||
plain text:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```python
|
|
||||||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
|
||||||
from pwn import *
|
|
||||||
filename = b'flag.txt'
|
|
||||||
IV = b'\xd4\x4a\xb9\x6f\xea\x76\x8c\x55'
|
|
||||||
c = b'\xf9\x6d\xbe\x51\x95\x6d\x93\x42'
|
|
||||||
key = xor(IV, filename)
|
|
||||||
flag = xor(c, key)
|
|
||||||
print('FCSC{' + flag.decode() + '}')
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ ./solve.py
|
|
||||||
FCSC{KKfYQogc}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
@ -1,786 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
---
|
|
||||||
title: "Decompiling a nanomites based VM back to C | Megalosaure @ FCSC 2024"
|
|
||||||
date: "2024-04-14 22:00:00"
|
|
||||||
author: "Juju"
|
|
||||||
tags: ["Reverse", "Writeup", "fcsc"]
|
|
||||||
toc: true
|
|
||||||
---
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Intro
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Yes it's the third year in a row that I writeup the dinosaur reverse challenge.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But this time it is neither a math or puzzle challenge.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We are instead met with a program that takes 20 minutes to validate the input and forks tens of thousands of processes.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/megalosaure/meme.jpg" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Challenge description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`reverse` | `487 pts` `6 solves` `:star::star::star:`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Voici un binaire qui vérifie si ce qu'on lui passe est le flag. À vous de jouer !
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Author: `Cryptanalyse`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Given files
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[megalosaure](/megalosaure/megalosaure)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Writeup
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Overview
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Nothing out of the ordinary at the first look.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ file megalosaure
|
|
||||||
megalosaure: ELF 64-bit LSB pie executable, x86-64, version 1
|
|
||||||
(SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2,
|
|
||||||
BuildID[sha1]=b8bd171568d3bd03eca826edb869205684411dab, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0,
|
|
||||||
stripped
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Dynamic analysis however ... the binary first tells us to add a
|
|
||||||
capability to the binary, `stracing` and `gdb` will thus require higher
|
|
||||||
privileges to not drop said capability.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`stracing` will show us that the program starts by creating about 10 thousands `pipes`. Before prompting for the flag, inputting
|
|
||||||
a correctly formatted `FCSC{...}` flag will then cause the program
|
|
||||||
to fork endlessly for about 20 minutes before refusing the flag.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Code analysis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Main function
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is a decompiled main function.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We can see that the code creates the pipes in `setup_process_limit_and_IPC`,
|
|
||||||
then creates a shared memory mapping..
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It will then ask for the flag, check its format, and split the
|
|
||||||
input into `0x12` `uint32_t`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These `int` are then xored in the shared memory by groups of two
|
|
||||||
and the same function is ran `0x2c` times for each group but more
|
|
||||||
on this later.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Once this is done, the program saves some bytes in the shared
|
|
||||||
memory else where, and shift the global shared memory pointer,
|
|
||||||
before doing the same thing for the next 2 `int` in the input.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The final check simply is an equality test of all the saved values
|
|
||||||
mentionned above against an hardcoded reference array.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
uint32_t* shared_mem = nullptr;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
int32_t main(int32_t argc, char** argv, char** envp)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
setup_process_limit_and_IPC();
|
|
||||||
shared_mem = mmap(nullptr, 0x100000, 3, 0x21, 0xffffffff, 0);
|
|
||||||
if (shared_mem == -1)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("mmap");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
int32_t* shared_mem_original = shared_mem;
|
|
||||||
puts("Enter the flag:");
|
|
||||||
char input[0x46];
|
|
||||||
memset(&input, 0, 0x46);
|
|
||||||
if (read(0, &input, 0x46) <= 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("read");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
if (check_format(&input) != 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
puts("Wrong flag format!");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
uint32_t (* input_ints)[0x12] = &input;
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t i = 0; i <= 0x11; i += 2)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[0] = (shared_mem[0] ^ input_ints[i]);
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[1] = (shared_mem[1] ^ input_ints[i + 1]);
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t j = 0; j < 0x2c; j += 1)
|
|
||||||
start_pod(pod_infos[j].n_children, code, 9);
|
|
||||||
*(uint64_t*)(((((i + (i >> 0x1f)) >> 1) + 0x100) << 3) + shared_mem_original)
|
|
||||||
= *(uint64_t*)(shared_mem + 0xb0);
|
|
||||||
shared_mem = &shared_mem[0x2c];
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
shared_mem = shared_mem_original;
|
|
||||||
int64_t lose = 0;
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t i = 0; i <= 8; i++)
|
|
||||||
lose = (lose | (ref[i] ^ *(uint64_t*)(shared_mem + 0x800) + (i_1 << 3)));
|
|
||||||
if (lose != 0)
|
|
||||||
puts("Nope.");
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
puts("Win!!");
|
|
||||||
if (munmap(shared_mem, 1) != 0xffffffff)
|
|
||||||
return 0;
|
|
||||||
perror("munmap");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Check format
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's take a quick look at the `check_format` function:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
uint64_t check_format(int32_t* input)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[0] = input[0];
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[1] = 0x1337;
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[2] = 0xa4e1a60a;
|
|
||||||
start_pod(5, check_bytecode, 0x78 / 10);
|
|
||||||
return 0 | shared_mem[0] | shared_mem[1] | shared_mem[2];
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We can see that it initializes the shared memory with the first
|
|
||||||
`uint32_t` of the input then starts the same `start_pod` function
|
|
||||||
than in main.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Start pod
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The `start_pod` function takes as first parameter what I called a
|
|
||||||
`pod_info` struct, which is just two `uint32_t`, the first one
|
|
||||||
is the number of children the pod will fork, the second one is an
|
|
||||||
offset in some array of `uint16_t` I called `code` given in
|
|
||||||
parameter, you will understand the name really fast once we check
|
|
||||||
the `child` function.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The last parameter is the size of a single `code` block given to
|
|
||||||
`child`. Thus offsetting by this much between each `fork`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In my terminology, a `pod` is a complete run of all the children
|
|
||||||
denoted by their `pod_info` and associated `code`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
__pid_t start_pod(int32_t pod_info[2], uint16_t* code, int64_t code_size)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t i = 0; i < pod_info[0]; i = (i + 1))
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
pid_t pid = fork();
|
|
||||||
if (pid == 0xffffffff)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("fork");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
if (pid == 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
child(&code[(i + pod_info[1]) * code_size]);
|
|
||||||
/* no return */
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
__pid_t i;
|
|
||||||
do
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
i = wait(nullptr);
|
|
||||||
} while (i > 0);
|
|
||||||
return i;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Child
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We are met with a `while true` loop, which selects an `uint16_t`
|
|
||||||
from the `code` array and dispatches it in a huge switch.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I immediatly recognize the pattern of a virtual machine,
|
|
||||||
and start identifying the instruction pointer `ip` and the
|
|
||||||
`stack` by looking the first few instructions of the switch.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I will not show how I reversed all the instruction as many of
|
|
||||||
them are really similar but I will show the interesting ones.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
void child(uint16_t* code) __noreturn
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
uint32_t stack[0x400];
|
|
||||||
memset(&stack, 0, 0x1000);
|
|
||||||
int32_t next_ip = 0;
|
|
||||||
int32_t sp = 0;
|
|
||||||
uint16_t opcode;
|
|
||||||
while (true)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t ip = netx_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = ip + 1;
|
|
||||||
opcode = code[ip];
|
|
||||||
switch (opcode)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
case 0x0:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
case 0x1:
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
if (opcode != 0x12)
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
exit(0);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Instruction set analysis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Push
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
First let's look at opcodes `0x1` and `0x2`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These are how I recognized and was able to rename the stack
|
|
||||||
memory and stack pointers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We can see that the first instruction takes one operand right
|
|
||||||
after the opcode, it then increments the stack pointer, fetches
|
|
||||||
an `uint32_t` from the shared memory, indexed by the first
|
|
||||||
operand, and stores it in the stack.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Basically a `push mem` instruction
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The second one is really similar but takes two immediate operands,
|
|
||||||
both operands are `uint16_t` but they are packed as a single
|
|
||||||
`uint32_t` and stored on the stack, so this is the `push imm`
|
|
||||||
instruction
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
case 1:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t operand_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = (operand_ptr + 1);
|
|
||||||
int32_t old_sp = sp;
|
|
||||||
sp = old_sp + 1;
|
|
||||||
stack[old_sp] = shared_mem[code[operand_ptr]];
|
|
||||||
break;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
case 2:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t operand2_ptr = next_ip + 1;
|
|
||||||
int64_t operand1_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = operand2_ptr + 1;
|
|
||||||
int32_t old_sp = sp;
|
|
||||||
sp = old_sp + 1;
|
|
||||||
stack[old_sp] = code[operand1_ptr] | (code[operand2_ptr] << 0x10);
|
|
||||||
break;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Pop
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is the inverse operation, takes an `uint32_t` from the stack
|
|
||||||
and stores it in the shared memory indexed on the instruction's
|
|
||||||
operand.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
case 4:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t operand_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = operand_ptr + 1;
|
|
||||||
uint32_t operand = code[operand_ptr];
|
|
||||||
sp = sp - 1;
|
|
||||||
int32_t val = stack[sp];
|
|
||||||
stack[sp] = 0;
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[operand] = val;
|
|
||||||
break;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Add
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I will show only a single arithmetic instruction, all the others
|
|
||||||
work in a similar way:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This one pops two operands from the stack, add them together, and
|
|
||||||
stores the result back on the stack.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So we now know that this VM is stack based, similar to `python`
|
|
||||||
or `WASM` bytecode, operands and result of each instruction are
|
|
||||||
fetched and stored from/on the stack.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
case 6:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t first_op_ptr = (sp - 1);
|
|
||||||
int32_t stack_op = stack[first_op_ptr];
|
|
||||||
stack[first_op_ptr] = 0;
|
|
||||||
int32_t second_op_ptr = first_op_ptr - 1;
|
|
||||||
int32_t stack_op2 = stack[second_op_ptr];
|
|
||||||
stack[second_op_ptr] = 0;
|
|
||||||
sp = second_op_ptr + 1;
|
|
||||||
stack[second_op_ptr] = stack_op2 + stack_op;
|
|
||||||
break;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### IPC
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Before doing more work, two other instructions are really
|
|
||||||
important, check the code first:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
case 3:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t operand_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = (operand_ptr + 1);
|
|
||||||
uint32_t operand_1 = code[operand_ptr];
|
|
||||||
sp = sp - 1;
|
|
||||||
int32_t val = stack[sp];
|
|
||||||
stack[sp] = 0;
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t i = 0; i < operand; i++)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t operand_i_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = operand_i_ptr + 1;
|
|
||||||
if (write(pipes[code[operand_i_ptr]][1], &val, 4) == -1)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("write");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
break;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This instruction takes one operand from the stack and one operand
|
|
||||||
after the opcode.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The operand encoded in the instruction is used to know how many
|
|
||||||
more operands are left.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For each of them, the instruction will write the stack operand in
|
|
||||||
the pipe corresponding to the current operand.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We can guess that this is how IPC is performed between each child.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So let's look at the read instruction:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It works in a really similar way and takes the same operand,
|
|
||||||
except that this time it will setup an epoll instance to read on
|
|
||||||
very pipe given as operand and store the `read` output on the
|
|
||||||
stack for each operand.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
case 0:
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t n_operands_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = n_operands_ptr + 1;
|
|
||||||
uint32_t n_operands = code[n_operands_ptr];
|
|
||||||
int32_t epoll = epoll_create1(0);
|
|
||||||
if (epoll == 0xffffffff)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("epoll_create1");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_operands; i++)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int32_t n_operands_i_ptr = next_ip;
|
|
||||||
next_ip = n_operands_i_ptr + 1;
|
|
||||||
int32_t fd = pipes[code[n_operands_i_ptr]][0];
|
|
||||||
int32_t epoll_event = 1;
|
|
||||||
int64_t var_1100_1 = fd | (i << 0x20);
|
|
||||||
if (epoll_ctl(epoll, 1, fd, &epoll_event) != 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("epoll_ctl");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
uint32_t n_operands_cpy = n_operands;
|
|
||||||
do
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
struct epoll_event events;
|
|
||||||
int32_t nb_events = epoll_wait(epoll, &events, 1, 0xffffffff);
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t j = 0; j < nb_events; j++)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// Weird but basically recovers the FD from the event
|
|
||||||
int64_t fd = *(j * 0xc + &var_8) - 0x1104;
|
|
||||||
if (read(fd, &stack[(fd >> 0x20) + sp], 4) <= 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("read");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
n_operands_cpy = n_operands_cpy - 1;
|
|
||||||
} while (n_operands_cpy != 0);
|
|
||||||
sp = sp + n_operands;
|
|
||||||
if (close(epoll) != 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
perror("close");
|
|
||||||
exit(1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
break;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Disassembling
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Right, so let's not look too much at the IPC thingy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I will start by disassembling the byte code of independant
|
|
||||||
children, then we will see if we can deduce patterns.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So I implemented a `binaryninja` plugin (my predilection decompiler) for the VM.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/megalosaure/src/plugin/__init__.py" language="python" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Remember the `start_pod` and `check_format` functions ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The check format passed a specific byte code to only 5 children.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is probably a good first look
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is how the plugin looked like on the check format bytecode:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/megalosaure/binja_plugin.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Every function defined here is a specific child.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first one pushes the first `uint32_t` of the `shared_memory`
|
|
||||||
(I wrote this as `m[0x0]` in the disassembler)
|
|
||||||
on the stack, then pops it and writes it on the first pipe (`r0x0`).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I consider pipes as registers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The second child does the same but with `m[0x1]` and `r0x1`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Third child reads `r0x0`, then `r0x1`, multiplies the two values
|
|
||||||
and writes the result to `r0x2`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Fourth child reads `r0x2`, pushes `m[0x2]`, xor both values,
|
|
||||||
and writes the result to `r0x3`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Finally, the last child reads `r0x3`, dupplicates the value on the
|
|
||||||
stack twice and pop them all in `m[0x0]`, `m[0x1]` and `m[0x2]`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If we look again at the `check_format` function:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
uint64_t check_format(int32_t* input)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[0] = input[0];
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[1] = 0x1337;
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[2] = 0xa4e1a60a;
|
|
||||||
start_pod(5, check_bytecode, 0x78 / 10);
|
|
||||||
return 0 | shared_mem[0] | shared_mem[1] | shared_mem[2];
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It checks that once the pod has executed, `m[0:3]` is all `0`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Doing it in the inverse order, it means that the result of the
|
|
||||||
xor must be 0, thus `input[0] * 0x1337 == 0xa4e1a60a`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This small script does the modular inverse the retrieve
|
|
||||||
`input[0]`:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```python
|
|
||||||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
from Crypto.Util.number import inverse
|
|
||||||
import struct
|
|
||||||
import os
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
N = 2**32
|
|
||||||
def reverse(desired_out, mult):
|
|
||||||
return ((desired_out) * inverse(mult, N)) % N
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
first = reverse(0xa4e1a60a, 0x1337)
|
|
||||||
print(struct.pack('<L', first))
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With this output:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ ./invert.py
|
|
||||||
b'FCSC'
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Good, we are definitely on the right track.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Lifting
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Great but now if we look at real pods launched for the flag checking,
|
|
||||||
they contain thousands of children, and have 2 inputs instead of one
|
|
||||||
(given through `m[0x0]` and `m[0x1]`)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We need to do something smart.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We noticed in the `check_format` example that children essentialy
|
|
||||||
recover one or two inputs (from memory, immediate, or register),
|
|
||||||
perform a single operation, and output the result to a register
|
|
||||||
or memory.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Looking back at the `code_size` given to `start_pod` in the `main` function, we can see that there are at most 9 instructions per child.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So it is unlikely that the real check children can do much more
|
|
||||||
than take inputs, compute a single operation and send its outputs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The `binja` plugin must be improved, and we will throw away the
|
|
||||||
binja part actually.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Instead of disassembling independant children, I need to disassemble
|
|
||||||
a whole pod.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Creating an AST
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
First thing we can build is each child's register dependencies.
|
|
||||||
I will simply mark which registers the child reads from and which
|
|
||||||
ones he writes to.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now, knowing by which register a child is "locked" by reading
|
|
||||||
and which one he "unlocks" by writing, I can build the dependency
|
|
||||||
graph of all children.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To do that I implemented a simple algorithm which marks locked
|
|
||||||
and ready registers and by which child a register was unlocked.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Any child wanting to read a register will be able to do so only
|
|
||||||
if it is unlocked, if it is, I will give the current child a
|
|
||||||
reference to the child which originally unlocked the register
|
|
||||||
it is trying to read. The register will thus be consumed by the
|
|
||||||
child and be marked as locked again.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Any child which wants to write to a regiser will simply unlock
|
|
||||||
the register and mark itself as the one which unlocked it.
|
|
||||||
Obviously, this can only be done if all the child's registers
|
|
||||||
where consumed, otherwise, the child is still waiting for its
|
|
||||||
input and cannot write its output.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We do this in a loop until all children have been scheduled.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Inspecting the built graph, I quickly notice that all children
|
|
||||||
converge to a single output child and that there is no circular
|
|
||||||
dependency. The graph is thus an AST.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Each node of the AST performs and outputs a single operation based
|
|
||||||
on one or two inputs registers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The leafs of the AST do not have dependencies, they simply
|
|
||||||
take inputs from immediate values or shared memory.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I also notice that the root of the AST has a single input,
|
|
||||||
which is simply outputed in shared memory.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Further analysis will show me that in the AST of every pod, given
|
|
||||||
pod number `n`:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Only the root child outputs to memory, and at index `n+2`
|
|
||||||
* Only the leafs reads from memory, at indexes `n` and `n+1`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Recalling the objective
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As a reminder, here is the for loop which computes the result
|
|
||||||
tested against the `ref`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
uint32_t (* input_ints)[0x12] = &input;
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t i = 0; i <= 0x11; i = (i + 2))
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[0] = (shared_mem[0] ^ input_ints[i]);
|
|
||||||
shared_mem[1] = (shared_mem[1] ^ input_ints[i + 1]);
|
|
||||||
for (int32_t j = 0; j < 0x2c; j++)
|
|
||||||
start_pod(pod_infos[j].n_children, code, 9);
|
|
||||||
*(uint64_t*)(((((i + (i >> 0x1f)) >> 1) + 0x100) << 3) + shared_mem_original)
|
|
||||||
= *(uint64_t*)(shared_mem + 0xb0);
|
|
||||||
shared_mem = &shared_mem[0x2c];
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The output is recovered from `shared_memory[0x2c]` (`0xb0` is `0x2c * 4`) on 8 bytes, which are the output of the two last pods
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So we have `0x2c` pods, each one outputting the inputs for the next
|
|
||||||
one.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Once all pods have run, notice we shift, the shared_mem by `0x2c`
|
|
||||||
thus right on the last pods output. Which will be used to xor
|
|
||||||
the next input for the run of `0x2b` pods.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This seems like a `cbc` mode of operation but I did not made any
|
|
||||||
link to block ciphers at that time.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I will split the problem by solving each block of 8 input bytes
|
|
||||||
independently.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So I have a reference `uint64_t`, I want to find the two
|
|
||||||
`uint32_t` which will give this output after passing in all
|
|
||||||
of my `0x2c` ASTs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Do the intstructions backward :clown:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I thought about simply taking the desired output and inverting
|
|
||||||
every operation since I have the complete AST. However I quickly
|
|
||||||
noticed it was not possible because of operations like `shl`, `shr`, `or` and `and`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These operations plus the fact that our inputs are fetched from
|
|
||||||
multiple leafs of the AST make the whole thing close to
|
|
||||||
impossible to invert.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### z3 attempt
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is actually not the attempt I made first but I went back and
|
|
||||||
forth on many ideas so I will explain my failed ideas here so
|
|
||||||
it doesn't cut the flow of the rest of the writeup.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So at some point I tried to build a z3 solver by traversing the
|
|
||||||
AST.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It did not work out in the end because I found a promising
|
|
||||||
solution which was showing results in parallel.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now I know that it didn't find anything because I built the
|
|
||||||
solver by traversing all the `0x2c` ASTs, which is too much
|
|
||||||
obviously.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Basically my mistake was that at the time, I didn't know that
|
|
||||||
the VM was a symetric cipher, thus I has no idea of the unicity
|
|
||||||
of the input. So I thought that I NEEDED, to add a constraint
|
|
||||||
on the first input `uint32_t` (which I knew was `FCSC`) to
|
|
||||||
find a single solution.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But now I know that the input of every AST is unique so
|
|
||||||
solving ASTs one by one is much easier.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Lifting to C
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
My actual first idea was that I knew that the flag started with
|
|
||||||
`FCSC{`, which only let me 3 unknown bytes in the first block.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This would be fairly trivial to bruteforce if the VM did not need
|
|
||||||
3 minutes to compute a single block.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I could have implemented an interpreter on top of the AST, but
|
|
||||||
since I decided to go for the bruteforce solution, I went for it
|
|
||||||
all and transpiled it to C.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/megalosaure/src/disasm.py" language="python" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Running it will give this output, and a file `megalosaure.c`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ ./disasm.py
|
|
||||||
[*] '/home/juju/ctf/fcsc_2024/reverse/megalosaure/megalosaure'
|
|
||||||
Arch: amd64-64-little
|
|
||||||
RELRO: Partial RELRO
|
|
||||||
Stack: No canary found
|
|
||||||
NX: NX enabled
|
|
||||||
PIE: PIE enabled
|
|
||||||
[+] Loading virtual machines
|
|
||||||
[+] Lifting AST
|
|
||||||
[+] Transpiling to C
|
|
||||||
[+] Transpiled to ./megalosaure.c
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The `megalosaure.c` file is an implementation of a single run of
|
|
||||||
all the `0x2c` pods.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you are interesed the disasm.py script also contains the code
|
|
||||||
of my z3 attempt.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Bruteforcing until we win
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### First block
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first block is trivial to bruteforce so I implemented a
|
|
||||||
simple bruteforce c program which links against a heavily optimised `megalosaure.c`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/megalosaure/src/simple.c" language="c" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With the following `Makefile` (which also has the final targets for the final
|
|
||||||
solver)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/megalosaure/src/Makefile" language="makefile" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can run `make simple` to build this simple bruteforcer for the first block.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ ./simple
|
|
||||||
FCSC{454
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Great I have the first 8 bytes of the flag. Now what ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This strategy will not work on other blocks, where all of the 8
|
|
||||||
bytes are unknown.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Angr attempt
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So since I had the source code, I thought that I could try angr
|
|
||||||
on this one, surprisingly enough, this did not give anything.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For the same reason as z3, doing all the pods at once is just
|
|
||||||
too much.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Reducing the character set
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now things are becoming really nasty for my solver, I was
|
|
||||||
working in parallel on the z3 solver and as I ran it on my first
|
|
||||||
try, I thought
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> Hey "FCSC{454" does not look like a funny string, maybe this flag is only a hexstring
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So I started bruteforcing all the blocks but only on hex digits,
|
|
||||||
which comes back to 2^32 iterations per block, completly doable.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
However just remember that before being inputted in the first
|
|
||||||
pod, the input is xored with the output of the previous block.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Since I have the reference array, I know the desired output of
|
|
||||||
all the blocks and can bruteforce them in parralel.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Watch out, the code is dirty.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/megalosaure/src/main.c" language="c" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can run `make` to compile the solver.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It takes about 20 minutes to run, and prints each block when it
|
|
||||||
finds one.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ time ./solver
|
|
||||||
Block 6: 06a5611b
|
|
||||||
Block 1: 2d32e27c
|
|
||||||
Block 4: 4016b156
|
|
||||||
Block 8: 420ac}
|
|
||||||
Block 7: c18edd32
|
|
||||||
Block 3: d3418e7a
|
|
||||||
Block 2: de2d7cf7
|
|
||||||
Block 5: e4df7f0c
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
real 21m18,662s
|
|
||||||
user 107m44,082s
|
|
||||||
sys 0m0,936s
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I then reconstituted the flag manually by pasting each block
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`FCSC{4542d32e27cde2d7cf7d3418e7a4016b156e4df7f0c06a5611bc18edd32420ac}`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After solving the challenge and discussing with its author,
|
|
||||||
I learned that the VM actually implemented a symetric block cipher (SIMON-64-128), with a null IV, and CBC mode of operation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The key was embeded in the code, so it was actually a whitebox.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Looking back at everything, we can clearly see that one pod is
|
|
||||||
actually a round of encryption, a block is encrypted through
|
|
||||||
`0x2c` rounds, with each block input being xored with the output
|
|
||||||
of the previous block (0 for the first block), thus the CBC and
|
|
||||||
null IV.
|
|
||||||
@ -1,431 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
---
|
|
||||||
title: "Lifting a reloc based VM | Svartalfheim @ FCSC 2024"
|
|
||||||
date: "2024-04-14 22:00:00"
|
|
||||||
author: "Juju"
|
|
||||||
tags: ["Reverse", "Writeup", "fcsc"]
|
|
||||||
toc: true
|
|
||||||
---
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Intro
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Svartalfheim is a weird reversing challenge. It seems like a simple x64 ELF with
|
|
||||||
only a few bytes of machine code, but after playing with it, you might notice
|
|
||||||
some quantum behaviours. The program might be patching itself when you are
|
|
||||||
not looking at it, so stay alert :eyes:.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Challenge description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`reverse` | `467 pts` `14 solves` `:star::star::star:`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Trouvez le flag accepté par le binaire.
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Author: `Quanthor_ic`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Given files
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[svartalfheim](/svartalfheim/svartalfheim)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Writeup
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Overview
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Things are already weird without opening up any disassembler:
|
|
||||||
`file` tells us the the binary is dynamically linked but ldd says otherwise.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ file svartalfheim
|
|
||||||
svartalfheim: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV),
|
|
||||||
dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, no
|
|
||||||
section header
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
$ ldd svartalfheim
|
|
||||||
not a dynamic executable
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is the decompiled code of the entrypoint.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/svartalfheim/main.c" language="c" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Basically, it simply deletes a file named `_` from the current directory, then
|
|
||||||
re-create it and open it write mode.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The process then dumps itself into the opened file, close it and execve the
|
|
||||||
dumped file.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Cool so this should do absolutely nothing except calling itself endlessly.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But what if we give it a try:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
./svartalfheim
|
|
||||||
Welcome to Svartalfheim
|
|
||||||
FCSC{test}
|
|
||||||
Nope
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
WTF is going on ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Quantum binary
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So first I wanted a way to see what was happening between each execution.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I patched the `execve` with a breakpoint in the binary.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It will now crash instead of starting itself again and I can inspect the
|
|
||||||
`_` file before the next instance deletes it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is the diff of the hexdump of the patched binary (breakpoint instead
|
|
||||||
of execve) with the hexdump of the `_` file after a single execution:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ diff svartalfheim_breakpointed.hex first_run.hex
|
|
||||||
517c517
|
|
||||||
< 00002040: 0700 0000 0000 0000 e821 0400 0000 0000 .........!......
|
|
||||||
---
|
|
||||||
> 00002040: 0700 0000 0000 0000 3037 0400 0000 0000 ........07......
|
|
||||||
519c519
|
|
||||||
< 00002060: 0800 0000 0000 0000 3000 0000 0000 0000 ........0.......
|
|
||||||
---
|
|
||||||
> 00002060: 0800 0000 0000 0000 6000 0000 0000 0000 ........`.......
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A total of 3 bytes have changed, so I go check the corresponding addresses
|
|
||||||
in my decompiler:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/rela_patched.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first two bytes that are patched are the relocation table addr inside
|
|
||||||
the dynamic table.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The last byte patched is the size of said relocation table.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This means that at the next execution, the program will have different relocations.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Maybe we should take a look at the original relocation table:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/original_relocs.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Unusual relocations indeed. So the first one points to the relocation table
|
|
||||||
address inside the dynamic table and the second one to the relocation table
|
|
||||||
size, also in the dynamic table, the two values that were patched in the next
|
|
||||||
binary. We can already guess that the relocation table will be patched at
|
|
||||||
every execution, running new relocations every time, just like a processor
|
|
||||||
run instructions and increments its program counter. This might be a
|
|
||||||
relocation based virtual machine.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Reloc based virtual machine
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Figuring out the instruction set
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So since the relocation table have changed in the next binary, let's open this
|
|
||||||
one and check the new relocation table:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/second_relocs.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Once again we can see relocs pointing to DT_RELA and DT_RELASZ values, but there are also two other addresses that are patched.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When looking them up, we can see that these two addresses are located inside
|
|
||||||
the symbol table. To be precise, the values of symbol `1` and `2` are patched.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Below is the corresponding symbol table:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/second_symtab.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Great so now let's run the binary a second time and inspect the third relocation table.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I will stop on this one a bit longer because it actually contains the entire
|
|
||||||
instruction set.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But first, what is *really* happening ?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The relocation table holds ... relocations indeed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Relocations are applied by `ldso` when a process is loaded into memory
|
|
||||||
(so at `execve`).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Applying a relocation has different effects depending on the relocation type
|
|
||||||
(denoted in the lower 32 bits of the `info` field of the reloc).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
However, most relocation types imply dereferencing the `value` of a symbol (see the above screenshot for an example of the symbol table) and storing it in the relocation address.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The said symbol is denoted by the higher 32 bits of the `info` field of the reloc.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now let's really look at the third relocation table and run it in our mind:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/third_relocs.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first relocation is of type `0x8`, and has symbol `0x0` (which mean no symbol)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It points to the address of the `value` of symbol `0x5`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Relocation type `0x8` will simply put its `addend` value at the address pointed by its `addr` field. Thus storing `0xff` in the `0x5` symbol `value`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Basically this relocation is a `mov mem, imm` instruction.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Second relocation is of type `0x1` and symbol `0x1`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This relocation will take the `value` of symbol `0x1`, add the reloc
|
|
||||||
`addend` value, and store the result at the relocation `addr`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So it looks like some sorts of `add mem, reg, imm` instruction, considering
|
|
||||||
symbols as registers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I'll do the third relocation and we will have the whole instruction set:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The type is `0x5`, symbol `0x1`. It will take the value of the corresponding symbol, dereference it, and store it in the reloc `addr`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The assembly for this might look like `mov mem, [reg]`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here we go, that's it, an instruction set of 3 instructions,
|
|
||||||
there isn't even an instruction to branch or to add two registers together.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's write an interpreter for the VM so we can debug it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Writing the interpreter
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Basically the interpreter will have multiple roles in the analysis:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Get an execution trace and disassembly of the virtual machine
|
|
||||||
* Set breakpoints during execution
|
|
||||||
* Dump process to inspect the patched ELF at any stage easily and fast
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/svartalfheim/interpreter.py" language="py" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This interpreter stops every time that the VM patches the native code section
|
|
||||||
of the binary, this way I can stop whenever IO is performed, dump the binary
|
|
||||||
and analyse it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The VM patches the native code a total of 7 times:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Setup a syscall to write the prompt on stdout
|
|
||||||
* Immediately after, reset the native code to its original content
|
|
||||||
* Setup a syscall to read the flag from stdin
|
|
||||||
* Immediately after, reset the native code to its original content
|
|
||||||
* Setup a syscall to write the flag validation
|
|
||||||
* Immediately after, reset the native code to its original content
|
|
||||||
* Setup a syscall to exit the program instead of the `execve` it again
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Investigating the third dumped binary will show us the flag address given to `read`, which will allow us to inject it in our interpreter:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/radare_read.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The interpreter also builds a disassembled execution trace:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I tried to make it readable as if it was intel assembly.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I added some comments for easier analysis:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* NATIVE CODE LOADING means that this block (a complete run of a single relocation table) has patched the native code section
|
|
||||||
* The commented hexstring is the data that is being outputed in the destination operand
|
|
||||||
* PATCHING CODE means that this instruction has a destination address pointing to the next instruction, meaning it is trying to patch its own code
|
|
||||||
* PATCHING FAR is the same but on an instruction of the same block but not the next one
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These were really helpful during analysis to have a reminder to check for code patching.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You might be saying that the example assembly below doesn't correspond to the
|
|
||||||
instruction set defined above as there was no such instruction as
|
|
||||||
`add reg, reg, imm`, it is indeed true, but the trick is that every register
|
|
||||||
are memory mapped (since they are simply symbols in the symtab of the ELF), so a memory deref can actually be a register and my disassembler lifts this.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
0x48080: mov [0x480f0], $0xffffffffffffffa0 # a0ffffffffffffff PATCHING FAR
|
|
||||||
0x48098: add [0x480b0], r4, $0x480d8 # f080040000000000 PATCHING CODE
|
|
||||||
0x480b0: mov [0x480f0], $0x0 # 0000000000000000 PATCHING FAR
|
|
||||||
0x480c8: add r1, r1, $0x0 # 1036040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x480e0: add r1, r1, $0x0 # 1036040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x480f8: add r1, r1, $0x10 # 2036040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48110: mov DT_RELA, [r1].8 # 5881040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48128: add r2, r1, $0x8 # 2836040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48140: mov DT_RELASZ, [r2].8 # 7800000000000000
|
|
||||||
#End of block
|
|
||||||
0x48158: mov r7, $0x5 # 0500000000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48170: add r1, r1, $0x10 # 3036040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48188: mov DT_RELA, [r1].8 # d081040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x481a0: add r2, r1, $0x8 # 3836040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x481b8: mov DT_RELASZ, [r2].8 # f000000000000000
|
|
||||||
#End of block
|
|
||||||
# NATIVE CODE LOADING:
|
|
||||||
0x481d0: mov [0x4100e], $0xba48 # 48ba000000000000
|
|
||||||
0x481e8: mov [0x41016], $0xbe480000 # 000048be00000000
|
|
||||||
0x48200: mov [0x4101e], $0x6a5f016a00000000 # 000000006a015f6a
|
|
||||||
0x48218: mov [0x41026], $0x90909090050f5801 # 01580f0590909090
|
|
||||||
0x48230: add [0x41010], r7, $0x0 # 0500000000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48248: add [0x4101a], r8, $0x0 # 23a2050000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48260: add r1, r1, $0x10 # 4036040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48278: mov DT_RELA, [r1].8 # c082040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x48290: add r2, r1, $0x8 # 4836040000000000
|
|
||||||
0x482a8: mov DT_RELASZ, [r2].8 # c000000000000000
|
|
||||||
#End of block
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Side channel attempt
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
My first attempt at a solver was really simple, I thought that maybe the
|
|
||||||
VM would check bytes one by one.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So I added a method to inject the flag into my interpreter's memory and tried
|
|
||||||
to bruteforce the first char, watching for the length of the execution trace every time.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But all 256 possible bytes gave the same number of instructions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
At this points I was thinking about lifting the code a little more to reduce
|
|
||||||
the trace size before reading it, but I was in the mood to read 65000+ lines of the same 3 instructions.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Analysing the execution trace
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Just kidding I did not actually read the whole execution trace.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I knew that the flag start with `FCSC{`, so I dumped 2 execution trace:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* One with the flag as `FCSC{test`
|
|
||||||
* The other one with `HCSC{test`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I put them side by side (`FCSC{` on the left, `HCSC{` on the right), jumped right after the `read` call, and started comparing them, and lifting the code on paper.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/trace_read.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I will not show you the whole execution trace to keep your eyes safe, but
|
|
||||||
the VM starts by a bunch of `mov reg, imm` instructions to initialize some
|
|
||||||
variables.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then a fun pattern appears:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### `add mem, reg, reg`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/add_reg_reg.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These three instructions together can actually be lifted to `add r13.b, r6, r13`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is crucial to understand this simple pattern before we continue to how
|
|
||||||
branching are handled in this VM.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Start by looking the first instruction: it takes the value of `r13`, add 0,
|
|
||||||
and store it at `0x45a50`. The first thing to notice is that `add mem, reg,
|
|
||||||
$0x0` is actually equivalent to a `mov mem, reg`, but there is no such
|
|
||||||
instruction in our instruction set (`mov mem, [reg]` will deref the reg) thus the add instruction trick.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Then if you look the destination address, it points to the the next instruction `addend`. Looking at the comment, we know that the output value is `0x0` on 8 bytes.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So now when we look at the second instruction, it is indeed `add r13, r6,
|
|
||||||
$0x0`, but said immediate `$0x0` was patched by previous instruction, with the
|
|
||||||
value of `r13`, even if the instruction add an immediate, in this context,
|
|
||||||
the immediate was patched with a register. Thus performing a `add mem, reg, reg`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The third instruction simply zeroes out the 7 higher bytes of the `r13`
|
|
||||||
register, my disassembler did not lift the addresses of the higher bytes of
|
|
||||||
regs but trust me on this one.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The comment on the second instruction shows us that the addition had a result of `0x1` (64 bits little endian) (`r6` had value 1), so these 3 instructions simply increment `r13`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Lookup tables
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I skipped a few instructions, all you need to know is that `r3` points
|
|
||||||
to the first byte of the flag, and that `r12` was initialized with a byte
|
|
||||||
coming from an array indexed with the same counter as the flag.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/lut_lookup.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first block simply loads the current flag byte in `r11` (`0x46` = `'F'`)
|
|
||||||
and the second one basically substitutes the byte from the flag based on a lookup table.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The LuT is indexed based on the flag byte and `r12`, which I assume is some
|
|
||||||
sort of nonce to add the information of the position of the byte in the
|
|
||||||
flag during the substitution.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is a c equivalent I lifted on paper:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
uint64_t r12 = nonce[i];
|
|
||||||
uint64_t r11 = flag[i];
|
|
||||||
uint64_t r3 = (r11 << 32) + r12;
|
|
||||||
uint64_t *LuT = 0x49000;
|
|
||||||
r11 = *(LuT + r3);
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The next few blocks are not that important, they store the LuTed byte in memory, increment string iterators and decrement size counters
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But then comes the one most important code pattern of this VM:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Branching
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/for.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These two blocks perform a branch
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It essentially is a `test r7, r7; jne mem`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is how it works after lifting:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```c
|
|
||||||
// First block
|
|
||||||
jump_table = 0x59000;
|
|
||||||
r4 = jump_table[r7]; // r7 is remaining flag len
|
|
||||||
// Second block
|
|
||||||
r1 = r1 + 0x10 - 0xf0 + r4;
|
|
||||||
// DT_RELA = r1, r1 is the program counter
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So `0x59000` contains a jump table indexed on the remaining flag size.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here you can see at instruction `0x46628`, the jump offset is in the comment.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I noticed it changed when `r7` reached 0.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is essentialy the first `for` loop iterating on the flag, applying lookup
|
|
||||||
tables on each byte.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Flag checking
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After that there is a really similar block of code, also performing lookups
|
|
||||||
of some sort I did not really bother to understand (as the ones of the
|
|
||||||
previous step) because I found a really interesting branch which was not a loop.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I notice a similar pattern than the for loop above, sligthly different but
|
|
||||||
still some kind of jump table.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
What stroke me is that as you can see on the screenshot bellow, it was
|
|
||||||
the first time in the whole execution trace, that my purposely wrong flag, ran
|
|
||||||
to a different branch than the one starting with `FCSC{`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< image src="/svartalfheim/check.png" style="border-radius: 8px;" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
What I did not notice at first is that there are two different branchments in
|
|
||||||
the screenshot (with the jump offsets marked in red). I noticed it quickly and
|
|
||||||
backported it to my solver.
|
|
||||||
I do not actually know what is the meaning of these 2 checks regarding the
|
|
||||||
previous look up tables but all I know is that I needed to hit jump
|
|
||||||
offset `0x18` twice for a flag byte to be valid.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So I modified my interpreter to add a breakpoint at the addresses marked in red,
|
|
||||||
check the value moved in `r4` is `0x18`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then bruteforced byte by byte:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
While bruteforcing the `n`th byte, I need to hit the breakpoint succesfully (with `0x18` in `r4`) `2*n` times. If the breakpoint check fails once then the byte is fucked up.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Solver
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is the complete solver code, with the interpreter, correct breakpoints and
|
|
||||||
bruteforcing
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{{< code file="/static/svartalfheim/solve.py" language="python" >}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
|
||||||
$ ./solve.py
|
|
||||||
bytearray(b'F\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
|
|
||||||
bytearray(b'FC\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
|
|
||||||
bytearray(b'FCS\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
bytearray(b'FCSC{162756828312aad562394d47c854134803a092d7f5b9eb795528f4a0f16f7c65}')
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
$ ./svartalfheim
|
|
||||||
Welcome to Svartalfheim
|
|
||||||
FCSC{162756828312aad562394d47c854134803a092d7f5b9eb795528f4a0f16f7c65}
|
|
||||||
Well done!
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 63 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 103 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 92 KiB |
@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
.PHONY: all run
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
all: ./solver
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
./simple: ./megalosaure.c simple.c
|
|
||||||
gcc -Wno-overflow simple.c megalosaure.c -o simple -O3 -march=native -fno-pie -no-pie
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
./megalosaure.c: ./disasm.py
|
|
||||||
./disasm.py
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
./solver: ./megalosaure.c main.c
|
|
||||||
gcc -Wno-overflow main.c megalosaure.c -o solver -O3 -march=native -fno-pie -no-pie
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
run: all
|
|
||||||
./solver
|
|
||||||
@ -1,491 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
import struct
|
|
||||||
from pwn import *
|
|
||||||
from typing import Optional, List
|
|
||||||
from Crypto.Util.number import inverse
|
|
||||||
from z3 import *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
opcodes = {
|
|
||||||
0x0: "pushread_i_f",
|
|
||||||
0x1: "push_m",
|
|
||||||
0x2: "push32_i_i",
|
|
||||||
0x3: "popwrite_i_f",
|
|
||||||
0x4: "pop_m",
|
|
||||||
0x5: "dup",
|
|
||||||
0x6: "add",
|
|
||||||
0x7: "sub",
|
|
||||||
0x8: "mul",
|
|
||||||
0x9: "mod",
|
|
||||||
0xa: "xor",
|
|
||||||
0xb: "and",
|
|
||||||
0xc: "or",
|
|
||||||
0xd: "shr",
|
|
||||||
0xe: "shl",
|
|
||||||
0xf: "not",
|
|
||||||
0x10: "neg",
|
|
||||||
0x11: "nop",
|
|
||||||
0x12: "exit",
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
registers = [
|
|
||||||
"ip",
|
|
||||||
"sp"
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
N = 2**32
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Stream:
|
|
||||||
i: int
|
|
||||||
buf: bytes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, buf) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.pos = 0
|
|
||||||
self.buf = buf
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u16(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<H", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 2])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 2
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_i16(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<h", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 2])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 2
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u32(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<I", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 4])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 4
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_i32(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<i", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 4])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 4
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Operand:
|
|
||||||
pass
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Register(Operand):
|
|
||||||
index: int
|
|
||||||
name: str
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, index: int) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.index = index
|
|
||||||
self.name = f"r{hex(index)}"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Mem(Operand):
|
|
||||||
index: int
|
|
||||||
name: str
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, index: int) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.index = index
|
|
||||||
self.name = f"m[{hex(index)}]"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Imm(Operand):
|
|
||||||
value: int
|
|
||||||
unsigned: int
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, value: int) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.value = value
|
|
||||||
self.raw = struct.unpack("<I", struct.pack("<i", self.value))[0]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Instruction:
|
|
||||||
opcode: int
|
|
||||||
operands: List[Operand]
|
|
||||||
addr: int
|
|
||||||
name: str
|
|
||||||
size: int
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, opcode, operands, opcodes) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.opcode = opcode
|
|
||||||
self.operands = operands
|
|
||||||
self.name = opcodes[self.opcode] if self.opcode in opcodes else "invalid"
|
|
||||||
self.size = 2 * (len(operands) + 1)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@staticmethod
|
|
||||||
def disassemble(data: bytes) -> 'Instruction':
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(data)
|
|
||||||
opcode = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operands = []
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if opcode not in opcodes:
|
|
||||||
return Instruction(opcode, [], addr, opcodes)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mnemonic = opcodes[opcode]
|
|
||||||
mnemonic_decomp = mnemonic.split('_')
|
|
||||||
mnemonic_decomp.pop(0)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for element in mnemonic_decomp:
|
|
||||||
if element == 'i':
|
|
||||||
value = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operand = Imm(value)
|
|
||||||
operands.append(operand)
|
|
||||||
elif element == 'm':
|
|
||||||
value = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operand = Mem(value)
|
|
||||||
operands.append(operand)
|
|
||||||
elif element == 'f':
|
|
||||||
n_regs = operands[-1].value
|
|
||||||
for i in range(n_regs):
|
|
||||||
index = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operand = Register(index)
|
|
||||||
operands.append(operand)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
return Instruction(opcode, operands, opcodes)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def to_string(self):
|
|
||||||
asm = self.name
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for op in self.operands:
|
|
||||||
asm += ' '
|
|
||||||
if isinstance(op, Register):
|
|
||||||
asm += op.name
|
|
||||||
elif isinstance(op, Mem):
|
|
||||||
asm += op.name
|
|
||||||
elif isinstance(op, Imm):
|
|
||||||
asm += f"{hex(op.value)}"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
return asm
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def transpile(self):
|
|
||||||
if self.name == "pop_m":
|
|
||||||
return ''
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "push32_i_i":
|
|
||||||
val = (self.operands[1].value << 0x10) | self.operands[0].value
|
|
||||||
return f'{val}'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "push_m":
|
|
||||||
return f'm{self.operands[0].index}'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "add":
|
|
||||||
return '+'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "sub":
|
|
||||||
return '-'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "mul":
|
|
||||||
return '*'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "mod":
|
|
||||||
return '%'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "xor":
|
|
||||||
return '^'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "and":
|
|
||||||
return '&'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "or":
|
|
||||||
return '|'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "not":
|
|
||||||
return '~'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "neg":
|
|
||||||
return '-'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "shr":
|
|
||||||
return '>>'
|
|
||||||
elif self.name == "shl":
|
|
||||||
return '<<'
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Child:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, pod, index):
|
|
||||||
self.pod = pod
|
|
||||||
self.index = index
|
|
||||||
self.offset = (pod.offset + index) * self.pod.code_size
|
|
||||||
self.code = self.pod.megalosaure.elf.read(self.pod.code_base + self.offset * 2, self.pod.code_size * 2)
|
|
||||||
self.instructions = []
|
|
||||||
self.depends = []
|
|
||||||
self.unlocks = []
|
|
||||||
self.inputs = []
|
|
||||||
self.forced = False, 0
|
|
||||||
self.main_instr = None
|
|
||||||
while True:
|
|
||||||
instr = Instruction.disassemble(self.code)
|
|
||||||
self.code = self.code[instr.size:]
|
|
||||||
self.instructions.append(instr)
|
|
||||||
if instr.name == 'exit':
|
|
||||||
break
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif instr.name == 'pushread_i_f':
|
|
||||||
for reg in instr.operands[1:]:
|
|
||||||
self.depends.append(reg.index)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif instr.name == 'popwrite_i_f':
|
|
||||||
for reg in instr.operands[1:]:
|
|
||||||
self.unlocks.append(reg.index)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
if self.main_instr != None:
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
self.main_instr = instr
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def to_string(self):
|
|
||||||
asm = ""
|
|
||||||
for instr in self.instructions:
|
|
||||||
asm += instr.to_string() + '\n'
|
|
||||||
return asm
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def consume_locks(self, locks):
|
|
||||||
while self.depends != []:
|
|
||||||
dependency = self.depends[0]
|
|
||||||
if locks[dependency][0]:
|
|
||||||
return
|
|
||||||
self.inputs.append(locks[dependency][1])
|
|
||||||
locks[dependency] = (True, None)
|
|
||||||
self.depends.pop(0)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def is_schedulable(self, locks):
|
|
||||||
return len(self.depends) == 0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def mark_unlocks(self, locks):
|
|
||||||
for unlock in self.unlocks:
|
|
||||||
locks[unlock] = (False, self)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def invert(self, desired):
|
|
||||||
instr = self.main_instr
|
|
||||||
op = instr.name
|
|
||||||
inputs = self.inputs
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if len(inputs) == 0:
|
|
||||||
if op == 'push_m':
|
|
||||||
return desired
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'push32_i_i':
|
|
||||||
print(self.forced)
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(op)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif len(inputs) == 1:
|
|
||||||
inp = inputs[0]
|
|
||||||
if op == "pop_m":
|
|
||||||
return inp.invert(desired)
|
|
||||||
if op == "not":
|
|
||||||
return inp.invert((~desired) % N)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(op)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
forced0 = inputs[0].forced
|
|
||||||
forced1 = inputs[1].forced
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if not forced0 and not forced1:
|
|
||||||
return
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
forced_child = inputs[0] if forced0[0] else inputs[1]
|
|
||||||
unk_child = inputs[1] if forced0[0] else inputs[0]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if op == 'xor':
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert(desired ^ forced_child.forced[1])
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'sub':
|
|
||||||
if forced0:
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert((desired + forced_child.forced[1]) % N)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert((-desired + forced_child.forced[1]) % N)
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'add':
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert((desired - forced_child.forced[1]) % N)
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'and':
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert(desired & forced_child.forced[1])
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'or':
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert(desired | forced_child.forced[1])
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'mul':
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert(((desired) * inverse(forced_child.forced[1], N)) % N)
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'shl':
|
|
||||||
return unk_child.invert(((desired) * inverse(forced_child.forced[1], N)) % N)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(op)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def transpile(self, indent=0):
|
|
||||||
code = "(\n"
|
|
||||||
indent += 4
|
|
||||||
code += ' ' * indent
|
|
||||||
instr = self.main_instr
|
|
||||||
op = instr.name
|
|
||||||
inputs = self.inputs
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if len(inputs) == 0:
|
|
||||||
code += instr.transpile()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif len(inputs) == 1:
|
|
||||||
inp = inputs[0]
|
|
||||||
code += instr.transpile() + inp.transpile(indent)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
code += inputs[1].transpile(indent)
|
|
||||||
code += instr.transpile()
|
|
||||||
code += inputs[0].transpile(indent)
|
|
||||||
code += '\n'
|
|
||||||
indent -= 4
|
|
||||||
code += ' ' * indent
|
|
||||||
code += ")"
|
|
||||||
return code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def z3(self, solver, memory):
|
|
||||||
instr = self.main_instr
|
|
||||||
op = instr.name
|
|
||||||
inputs = self.inputs
|
|
||||||
output = BitVec(f'{self.pod.index}_{self.index}', 32)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if len(inputs) == 0:
|
|
||||||
if op == 'push_m':
|
|
||||||
addr = instr.operands[0].index
|
|
||||||
mem = memory[addr]
|
|
||||||
solver.add(mem == output)
|
|
||||||
elif op == 'push32_i_i':
|
|
||||||
val = (instr.operands[1].value << 0x10) | instr.operands[0].value
|
|
||||||
output = BitVecVal(val, 32)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(op)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif len(inputs) == 1:
|
|
||||||
inp = inputs[0]
|
|
||||||
value = inp.z3(solver, memory)
|
|
||||||
if op == "pop_m":
|
|
||||||
addr = instr.operands[0].index
|
|
||||||
mem = memory[addr]
|
|
||||||
solver.add(mem == value)
|
|
||||||
solver.add(mem == output)
|
|
||||||
elif op == "not":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == ~value)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(op)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
value0 = inputs[0].z3(solver, memory)
|
|
||||||
value1 = inputs[1].z3(solver, memory)
|
|
||||||
if op == "xor":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value0 ^ value1))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "or":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value0 | value1))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "and":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value0 & value1))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "add":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value0 + value1))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "sub":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value1 - value0))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "mul":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value1 * value0))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "shl":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value1 << value0))
|
|
||||||
elif op == "shr":
|
|
||||||
solver.add(output == (value1 >> value0))
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(op)
|
|
||||||
return output
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Pod:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, n_childs, offset, megalosaure, i):
|
|
||||||
self.megalosaure = megalosaure
|
|
||||||
self.n_childs = n_childs
|
|
||||||
self.offset = offset
|
|
||||||
self.childs = []
|
|
||||||
self.code_size = 9
|
|
||||||
self.code_base = 0x50c0
|
|
||||||
self.stages = []
|
|
||||||
self.index = i
|
|
||||||
for i in range(n_childs):
|
|
||||||
self.childs.append(Child(self, i))
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def build_ast(self):
|
|
||||||
locks = [(True, None) for _ in range(0x26c9)]
|
|
||||||
to_schedule = [child for child in self.childs]
|
|
||||||
next_stage_schedule = [1]
|
|
||||||
while next_stage_schedule != []:
|
|
||||||
current_stage = []
|
|
||||||
next_stage_schedule = []
|
|
||||||
while to_schedule != []:
|
|
||||||
child = to_schedule.pop(0)
|
|
||||||
child.consume_locks(locks)
|
|
||||||
if child.is_schedulable(locks):
|
|
||||||
current_stage.append(child)
|
|
||||||
child.mark_unlocks(locks)
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
next_stage_schedule.append(child)
|
|
||||||
to_schedule = next_stage_schedule
|
|
||||||
self.stages.append(current_stage)
|
|
||||||
return self.stages
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def transpile(self):
|
|
||||||
code = f"uint32_t m{self.index + 2} = {self.stages[-1][0].transpile()};\n"
|
|
||||||
return code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def z3(self, solver, memory):
|
|
||||||
self.stages[-1][0].z3(solver, memory)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Megalosaure:
|
|
||||||
name = "megalosaure"
|
|
||||||
address_size = 2
|
|
||||||
default_int_size = 4
|
|
||||||
instr_aligment = 2
|
|
||||||
max_instr_length = 12
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, path):
|
|
||||||
self.elf = ELF(path)
|
|
||||||
print('[+] Loading virtual machines')
|
|
||||||
self.podinfo_addresses = 0x444220
|
|
||||||
self.pods = []
|
|
||||||
for i in range(0x2c):
|
|
||||||
podinfo_b = self.elf.read(self.podinfo_addresses + i * 8, 8)
|
|
||||||
n_childs = struct.unpack('<L', podinfo_b[:4])[0]
|
|
||||||
offset = struct.unpack('<L', podinfo_b[4:])[0]
|
|
||||||
pod = Pod(n_childs, offset, self, i)
|
|
||||||
self.pods.append(pod)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def build_ast(self):
|
|
||||||
print('[+] Lifting AST')
|
|
||||||
for pod in self.pods:
|
|
||||||
pod.build_ast()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def transpile(self, path, depth):
|
|
||||||
print('[+] Transpiling to C')
|
|
||||||
code = "#include <stdint.h>\nuint64_t megalosaure(uint32_t m0, uint32_t m1) {\n"
|
|
||||||
for i in range(depth):
|
|
||||||
code += self.pods[i].transpile()
|
|
||||||
code += f"return (((uint64_t)m{depth + 1}) << 32) | m{depth};\n"
|
|
||||||
code += "}\n"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
print(f'[+] Transpiled to {path}')
|
|
||||||
with open(path, 'w') as f:
|
|
||||||
f.write(code)
|
|
||||||
return code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def z3(self, depth, desired):
|
|
||||||
print('[+] Building z3 solver')
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
memory = [BitVec(f'm{i}', 32) for i in range(0x2e)]
|
|
||||||
memory[0] = BitVecVal(0x43534346, 32)
|
|
||||||
solver = Solver()
|
|
||||||
for i in range(depth):
|
|
||||||
self.pods[i].z3(solver, memory)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
m44 = desired % (2**32)
|
|
||||||
m45 = desired >> 32
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
solver.add(memory[44] == m44)
|
|
||||||
solver.add(memory[45] == m45)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
print('[+] Running solver')
|
|
||||||
print(solver.check())
|
|
||||||
m = solver.model()
|
|
||||||
print(m)
|
|
||||||
return code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
meg = Megalosaure('./megalosaure')
|
|
||||||
meg.build_ast()
|
|
||||||
#meg.z3(0x2c, 0x9b07e7ce91a8a7b5)
|
|
||||||
meg.transpile('./megalosaure.c', 0x2c)
|
|
||||||
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
from Crypto.Util.number import inverse
|
|
||||||
import struct
|
|
||||||
import os
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
N = 2**32
|
|
||||||
def reverse(desired_out, mult):
|
|
||||||
return ((desired_out) * inverse(mult, N)) % N
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
first = reverse(0xa4e1a60a, 0x1337)
|
|
||||||
print(struct.pack('<L', first))
|
|
||||||
@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
#include <stdint.h>
|
|
||||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
|
||||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
|
||||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
|
||||||
uint64_t megalosaure(uint32_t m0, uint32_t m1);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
int block = 1;
|
|
||||||
int main(int argc, char **argv)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
char charset[18] = "0123456789abcdef}";
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
const uint64_t ref[9] = { 0x9b07e7ce91a8a7b5, 0x9e819eac35e7e97c, 0xfd401d3317aa6b5f, 0xdf16a32fbd9d5587, 0x80c561ac0dab4fae, 0x9237d1ddd368e209, 0x07ebe4f6ee26882c, 0xb72ffd11e878303b, 0x99d2a7dc8267bf3f };
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
int charset_len = 16;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
int pid = 0;
|
|
||||||
for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
if (pid == 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
pid = fork();
|
|
||||||
if (pid == 0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
block++;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
char m0_c[8] = {'0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0', '0'};
|
|
||||||
uint32_t *m0 = (uint32_t *)(&m0_c);
|
|
||||||
uint32_t *m1 = (uint32_t *)(&m0_c[4]);
|
|
||||||
uint64_t res;
|
|
||||||
uint64_t x_int = ref[block - 1];
|
|
||||||
char *x = (char*)&x_int;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if (block == 8)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
charset_len += 2;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for (int i0 = 0; i0 < 18; ++i0)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[0] = charset[i0] ^ x[0];
|
|
||||||
for (int i1 = 0; i1 < charset_len; ++i1)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[1] = charset[i1] ^ x[1];
|
|
||||||
for (int i2 = 0; i2 < charset_len; ++i2)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[2] = charset[i2] ^ x[2];
|
|
||||||
for (int i3 = 0; i3 < charset_len; ++i3)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[3] = charset[i3] ^ x[3];
|
|
||||||
for (int i4 = 0; i4 < charset_len; ++i4)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[4] = charset[i4] ^ x[4];
|
|
||||||
for (int i5 = 0; i5 < charset_len; ++i5)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[5] = charset[i5] ^ x[5];
|
|
||||||
for (int i6 = 0; i6 < charset_len; ++i6)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[6] = charset[i6] ^ x[6];
|
|
||||||
for (int i7 = 0; i7 < charset_len; ++i7)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[7] = charset[i7] ^ x[7];
|
|
||||||
res = megalosaure(*m0, *m1);
|
|
||||||
if (res == ref[block])
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
char flag[9];
|
|
||||||
flag[8] = 0;
|
|
||||||
uint64_t *flag_ptr = (uint64_t*)flag;
|
|
||||||
*flag_ptr = *m0 + (((uint64_t)*m1) << 32);
|
|
||||||
*flag_ptr ^= x_int;
|
|
||||||
printf("Block %d: %s\n", block, flag);
|
|
||||||
if (pid != 0)
|
|
||||||
waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);
|
|
||||||
return 0;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
Binary file not shown.
@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
import struct
|
|
||||||
from binaryninja import *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
tI = lambda e: InstructionTextToken(InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken, e)
|
|
||||||
tt = lambda e: InstructionTextToken(InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken, e)
|
|
||||||
tr = lambda e: InstructionTextToken(InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken, e)
|
|
||||||
ti = lambda e: InstructionTextToken(InstructionTextTokenType.IntegerToken, e, int(e, 16))
|
|
||||||
ta = lambda e: InstructionTextToken(InstructionTextTokenType.PossibleAddressToken, e, int(e, 16))
|
|
||||||
ts = lambda e: InstructionTextToken(InstructionTextTokenType.OperandSeparatorToken, e)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
opcodes = {
|
|
||||||
0x0: "pushread_i_f",
|
|
||||||
0x1: "push_m",
|
|
||||||
0x2: "push32_i_i",
|
|
||||||
0x3: "popwrite_i_f",
|
|
||||||
0x4: "pop_m",
|
|
||||||
0x5: "dup",
|
|
||||||
0x6: "add",
|
|
||||||
0x7: "sub",
|
|
||||||
0x8: "mul",
|
|
||||||
0x9: "mod",
|
|
||||||
0xa: "xor",
|
|
||||||
0xb: "and",
|
|
||||||
0xc: "or",
|
|
||||||
0xd: "shr",
|
|
||||||
0xe: "shl",
|
|
||||||
0xf: "not",
|
|
||||||
0x10: "neg",
|
|
||||||
0x11: "nop",
|
|
||||||
0x12: "exit",
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
registers = [
|
|
||||||
"ip",
|
|
||||||
"sp"
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Stream:
|
|
||||||
i: int
|
|
||||||
buf: bytes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, buf) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.pos = 0
|
|
||||||
self.buf = buf
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u16(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<H", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 2])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 2
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_i16(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<h", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 2])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 2
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u32(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<I", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 4])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 4
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_i32(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<i", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 4])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 4
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Operand:
|
|
||||||
pass
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Register(Operand):
|
|
||||||
index: int
|
|
||||||
name: str
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, index: int) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.index = index
|
|
||||||
self.name = f"r{hex(index)}"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Mem(Operand):
|
|
||||||
index: int
|
|
||||||
name: str
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, index: int) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.index = index
|
|
||||||
self.name = f"m[{hex(index)}]"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Imm(Operand):
|
|
||||||
value: int
|
|
||||||
unsigned: int
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, value: int) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.value = value
|
|
||||||
self.raw = struct.unpack("<I", struct.pack("<i", self.value))[0]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Instruction:
|
|
||||||
opcode: int
|
|
||||||
operands: List[Operand]
|
|
||||||
addr: int
|
|
||||||
name: str
|
|
||||||
size: int
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, opcode, operands, addr, opcodes) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.opcode = opcode
|
|
||||||
self.operands = operands
|
|
||||||
self.addr = addr
|
|
||||||
self.name = opcodes[self.opcode] if self.opcode in opcodes else "invalid"
|
|
||||||
self.size = 2 * (len(operands) + 1)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@staticmethod
|
|
||||||
def disassemble(data: bytes, addr: int, opcodes = opcodes, registers = registers) -> 'Instruction':
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(data)
|
|
||||||
opcode = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operands = []
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if opcode not in opcodes:
|
|
||||||
return Instruction(opcode, [], addr, opcodes)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mnemonic = opcodes[opcode]
|
|
||||||
mnemonic_decomp = mnemonic.split('_')
|
|
||||||
mnemonic_decomp.pop(0)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for element in mnemonic_decomp:
|
|
||||||
if element == 'i':
|
|
||||||
value = stream.read_i16()
|
|
||||||
operand = Imm(value)
|
|
||||||
operands.append(operand)
|
|
||||||
elif element == 'm':
|
|
||||||
value = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operand = Mem(value)
|
|
||||||
operands.append(operand)
|
|
||||||
elif element == 'f':
|
|
||||||
n_regs = operands[-1].value
|
|
||||||
for i in range(n_regs):
|
|
||||||
index = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
operand = Register(index)
|
|
||||||
operands.append(operand)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
return Instruction(opcode, operands, addr, opcodes)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def to_tokens(self) -> List[InstructionTextToken]:
|
|
||||||
tokens = [tI(self.name)]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for op in self.operands:
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(tt(" "))
|
|
||||||
if isinstance(op, Register):
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(tr(op.name))
|
|
||||||
elif isinstance(op, Mem):
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(tr(op.name))
|
|
||||||
elif isinstance(op, Imm):
|
|
||||||
if "rel" in self.name or self.name == "call_imm":
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(ta(str(hex(self.jmp_dest()))))
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(ti(str(op.value)))
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(tt(" ("))
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(ti(str(hex(op.raw))))
|
|
||||||
tokens.append(tt(")"))
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
return tokens
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def info(self) -> InstructionInfo:
|
|
||||||
info = InstructionInfo()
|
|
||||||
info.length = self.size
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if "exit" in self.name or "stop" in self.name or self.name == "ret":
|
|
||||||
info.add_branch(BranchType.FunctionReturn)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
return info
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Megalosaure(Architecture):
|
|
||||||
name = "megalosaure"
|
|
||||||
address_size = 2
|
|
||||||
default_int_size = 4
|
|
||||||
instr_aligment = 2
|
|
||||||
max_instr_length = 12
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
regs = {reg: RegisterInfo(reg, 4) for reg in registers}
|
|
||||||
stack_pointer = "sp"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_instruction_text(self, data, addr):
|
|
||||||
instruction = Instruction.disassemble(data, addr)
|
|
||||||
return instruction.to_tokens(), instruction.size
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_instruction_info(self, data, addr):
|
|
||||||
instruction = Instruction.disassemble(data, addr)
|
|
||||||
return instruction.info()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_instruction_low_level_il(self, data, addr, il):
|
|
||||||
pass
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Megalosaure.register()
|
|
||||||
arch = Architecture["megalosaure"]
|
|
||||||
@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
#include <stdint.h>
|
|
||||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
|
||||||
uint64_t megalosaure(uint32_t m0, uint32_t m1);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
int main(int argc, char **argv)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
char m0_c[8] = {'F', 'C', 'S', 'C', '{', '0', '0', '0'};
|
|
||||||
uint32_t *m0 = (uint32_t *)(m0_c);
|
|
||||||
uint32_t *m1 = (uint32_t *)(&m0_c[4]);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for (int i = 30; i < 127; ++i)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[5] = i;
|
|
||||||
for (int j = 30; j < 127; ++j)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[6] = j;
|
|
||||||
for (int k = 30; k < 127; ++k)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
m0_c[7] = k;
|
|
||||||
uint64_t res = megalosaure(*m0, *m1);
|
|
||||||
if (res == 0x9b07e7ce91a8a7b5)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
printf("%s\n", m0_c);
|
|
||||||
return 0;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 36 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 1.2 MiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 214 KiB |
@ -1,228 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
import struct
|
|
||||||
from typing import Optional
|
|
||||||
import copy
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
regs = {
|
|
||||||
0x42048: "DT_RELA",
|
|
||||||
0x42068: "DT_RELASZ",
|
|
||||||
0x42088: "r0",
|
|
||||||
0x420a0: "r1",
|
|
||||||
0x420b8: "r2",
|
|
||||||
0x420d0: "r3",
|
|
||||||
0x420e8: "r4",
|
|
||||||
0x42100: "r5",
|
|
||||||
0x42118: "r6",
|
|
||||||
0x42130: "r7",
|
|
||||||
0x42148: "r8",
|
|
||||||
0x42160: "r9",
|
|
||||||
0x42178: "r10",
|
|
||||||
0x42190: "r11",
|
|
||||||
0x421a8: "r12",
|
|
||||||
0x421c0: "r13",
|
|
||||||
0x421d8: "r14",
|
|
||||||
0x421f0: "r15",
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0x42090: "r0.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420a8: "r1.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420c0: "r2.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420d8: "r3.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420f0: "r4.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42108: "r5.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42120: "r6.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42138: "r7.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42150: "r8.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42168: "r9.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42180: "r10.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42198: "r11.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421b0: "r12.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421c8: "r13.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421e0: "r14.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421f8: "r15.size"
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Stream:
|
|
||||||
i: int
|
|
||||||
buf: bytes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, buf) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.pos = 0
|
|
||||||
self.buf = buf
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u8(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<B", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 1])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 1
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u16(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<H", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 2])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 2
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u32(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<I", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 4])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 4
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u64(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<Q", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 8])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 8
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def is_done(self):
|
|
||||||
return self.pos >= len(self.buf)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class RelaEnt:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, stream):
|
|
||||||
self.addr = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
self.type = stream.read_u32()
|
|
||||||
self.symbol = stream.read_u32()
|
|
||||||
self.addend = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Rela:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, rela_addr, rela_size, elf):
|
|
||||||
self.rela_addr = rela_addr
|
|
||||||
self.rela_size = rela_size
|
|
||||||
self.elf = elf
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def pop(self):
|
|
||||||
if self.rela_size <= 0:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(self.elf.get_data(self.rela_addr, 0x18))
|
|
||||||
entry = RelaEnt(stream)
|
|
||||||
entry.offset = self.rela_addr
|
|
||||||
self.rela_addr += 0x18
|
|
||||||
self.rela_size -= 0x18
|
|
||||||
return entry
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def peek(self):
|
|
||||||
if self.rela_size <= 0:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(self.elf.get_data(self.rela_addr, 0x18))
|
|
||||||
entry = RelaEnt(stream)
|
|
||||||
entry.offset = self.rela_addr
|
|
||||||
return entry
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Symbol:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, data):
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(data)
|
|
||||||
self.name = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
self.info = stream.read_u8()
|
|
||||||
self.other = stream.read_u8()
|
|
||||||
self.shndx = stream.read_u32()
|
|
||||||
self.value = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
self.size = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Elf:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, path):
|
|
||||||
with open(path, 'rb') as f:
|
|
||||||
self._data = bytearray(f.read())
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
self.dynt_rela = 0x42048
|
|
||||||
self.dynt_relasz = 0x42068
|
|
||||||
self.symtab = 0x42080
|
|
||||||
self.breakpoints = {}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def dump(self, path):
|
|
||||||
with open(path, 'wb') as f:
|
|
||||||
f.write(self._data)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_data(self, addr, size):
|
|
||||||
addr -= 0x40000
|
|
||||||
return self._data[addr:addr + size]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def set_data(self, addr, data):
|
|
||||||
addr -= 0x40000
|
|
||||||
self._data[addr:addr + len(data)] = data
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def set_flag(self, flag):
|
|
||||||
addr = 0x5a100
|
|
||||||
addr -= 0x40000
|
|
||||||
self._data[addr:addr + len(flag)] = flag
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_rela(self):
|
|
||||||
rela_addr = Stream(self.get_data(self.dynt_rela, 8)).read_u64()
|
|
||||||
rela_size = Stream(self.get_data(self.dynt_relasz, 8)).read_u64()
|
|
||||||
return Rela(rela_addr, rela_size, self)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_symbol(self, i):
|
|
||||||
sym_data = self.get_data(self.symtab + 0x18 * i, 0x18)
|
|
||||||
return Symbol(sym_data)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def apply_relocs(self):
|
|
||||||
rela = self.get_rela()
|
|
||||||
patched_code = False
|
|
||||||
asm = ""
|
|
||||||
while True:
|
|
||||||
entry = rela.pop()
|
|
||||||
if not entry:
|
|
||||||
break
|
|
||||||
symbol = self.get_symbol(entry.symbol)
|
|
||||||
dst_name = regs[entry.addr] if entry.addr in regs else f'[{hex(entry.addr)}]'
|
|
||||||
line = f'{hex(entry.offset)}: '
|
|
||||||
if entry.type == 1:
|
|
||||||
data_int = (symbol.value + entry.addend) % 2**64
|
|
||||||
data = struct.pack('<Q', data_int)
|
|
||||||
line += f'add {dst_name}, r{entry.symbol}, ${hex(entry.addend)}'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif entry.type == 5:
|
|
||||||
data = self.get_data(symbol.value + entry.addend, symbol.size)
|
|
||||||
line += f'mov {dst_name}, [r{entry.symbol}].{symbol.size}'
|
|
||||||
if entry.addend != 0:
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif entry.type == 8:
|
|
||||||
data_int = entry.addend
|
|
||||||
data = struct.pack('<Q', data_int)
|
|
||||||
src_name = f'&{regs[entry.addend]}' if entry.addend in regs else f'${hex(entry.addend)}'
|
|
||||||
line += f'mov {dst_name}, {src_name}'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(hex(entry.type))
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
line += ' ' * (50 - len(line)) + f'# {bytes(data).hex()}'
|
|
||||||
if entry.addr > entry.offset and entry.addr < 0x49000:
|
|
||||||
next_instr = rela.peek()
|
|
||||||
if not (entry.addr >= next_instr.offset and entry.addr < next_instr.offset + 0x18):
|
|
||||||
line += " PATCHING FAR"
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
line += ' PATCHING CODE'
|
|
||||||
asm += line + '\n'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
self.set_data(entry.addr, data)
|
|
||||||
if entry.addr >= 0x41000 and entry.addr < 0x41083:
|
|
||||||
patched_code = True
|
|
||||||
asm += '#End of block\n'
|
|
||||||
return asm, patched_code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def main():
|
|
||||||
elf = Elf('./svartalfheim')
|
|
||||||
asm = ""
|
|
||||||
n = 0
|
|
||||||
while n <= 7:
|
|
||||||
step_asm, patched_code = elf.apply_relocs()
|
|
||||||
if patched_code:
|
|
||||||
asm += '# NATIVE CODE LOADING:\n'
|
|
||||||
n += 1
|
|
||||||
elf.dump(f'./dumps/pydumped{n}')
|
|
||||||
asm += step_asm
|
|
||||||
print(asm)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
||||||
main()
|
|
||||||
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 403 KiB |
@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
int64_t _start()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int64_t path = '_';
|
|
||||||
syscall(sys_unlink {0x57}, &path);
|
|
||||||
int32_t fd = syscall(sys_open {2}, &path, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY);
|
|
||||||
syscall(sys_write {1}, fd, &__elf_header, 0x1a228);
|
|
||||||
syscall(sys_close {3}, fd);
|
|
||||||
syscall(sys_execve {0x3b}, &path, nullptr, nullptr);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 32 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 502 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 35 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 82 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 75 KiB |
@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
#!/usr/bin/env python3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
import struct
|
|
||||||
from typing import Optional
|
|
||||||
import copy
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
regs = {
|
|
||||||
0x42048: "DT_RELA",
|
|
||||||
0x42068: "DT_RELASZ",
|
|
||||||
0x42088: "r0",
|
|
||||||
0x420a0: "r1",
|
|
||||||
0x420b8: "r2",
|
|
||||||
0x420d0: "r3",
|
|
||||||
0x420e8: "r4",
|
|
||||||
0x42100: "r5",
|
|
||||||
0x42118: "r6",
|
|
||||||
0x42130: "r7",
|
|
||||||
0x42148: "r8",
|
|
||||||
0x42160: "r9",
|
|
||||||
0x42178: "r10",
|
|
||||||
0x42190: "r11",
|
|
||||||
0x421a8: "r12",
|
|
||||||
0x421c0: "r13",
|
|
||||||
0x421d8: "r14",
|
|
||||||
0x421f0: "r15",
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0x42090: "r0.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420a8: "r1.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420c0: "r2.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420d8: "r3.size",
|
|
||||||
0x420f0: "r4.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42108: "r5.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42120: "r6.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42138: "r7.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42150: "r8.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42168: "r9.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42180: "r10.size",
|
|
||||||
0x42198: "r11.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421b0: "r12.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421c8: "r13.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421e0: "r14.size",
|
|
||||||
0x421f8: "r15.size"
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Stream:
|
|
||||||
i: int
|
|
||||||
buf: bytes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, buf) -> None:
|
|
||||||
self.pos = 0
|
|
||||||
self.buf = buf
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u8(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<B", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 1])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 1
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u16(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<H", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 2])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 2
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u32(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<I", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 4])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 4
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def read_u64(self) -> Optional[int]:
|
|
||||||
try:
|
|
||||||
val = struct.unpack("<Q", self.buf[self.pos:self.pos + 8])
|
|
||||||
self.pos += 8
|
|
||||||
return val[0]
|
|
||||||
except:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def is_done(self):
|
|
||||||
return self.pos >= len(self.buf)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class RelaEnt:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, stream):
|
|
||||||
self.addr = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
self.type = stream.read_u32()
|
|
||||||
self.symbol = stream.read_u32()
|
|
||||||
self.addend = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Rela:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, rela_addr, rela_size, elf):
|
|
||||||
self.rela_addr = rela_addr
|
|
||||||
self.rela_size = rela_size
|
|
||||||
self.elf = elf
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def pop(self):
|
|
||||||
if self.rela_size <= 0:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(self.elf.get_data(self.rela_addr, 0x18))
|
|
||||||
entry = RelaEnt(stream)
|
|
||||||
entry.offset = self.rela_addr
|
|
||||||
self.rela_addr += 0x18
|
|
||||||
self.rela_size -= 0x18
|
|
||||||
return entry
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def peek(self):
|
|
||||||
if self.rela_size <= 0:
|
|
||||||
return None
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(self.elf.get_data(self.rela_addr, 0x18))
|
|
||||||
entry = RelaEnt(stream)
|
|
||||||
entry.offset = self.rela_addr
|
|
||||||
return entry
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Symbol:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, data):
|
|
||||||
stream = Stream(data)
|
|
||||||
self.name = stream.read_u16()
|
|
||||||
self.info = stream.read_u8()
|
|
||||||
self.other = stream.read_u8()
|
|
||||||
self.shndx = stream.read_u32()
|
|
||||||
self.value = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
self.size = stream.read_u64()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class Elf:
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self, path):
|
|
||||||
with open(path, 'rb') as f:
|
|
||||||
self._data = bytearray(f.read())
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
self.dynt_rela = 0x42048
|
|
||||||
self.dynt_relasz = 0x42068
|
|
||||||
self.symtab = 0x42080
|
|
||||||
self.breakpoints = {}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def dump(self, path):
|
|
||||||
with open(path, 'wb') as f:
|
|
||||||
f.write(self._data)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_data(self, addr, size):
|
|
||||||
addr -= 0x40000
|
|
||||||
return self._data[addr:addr + size]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def set_data(self, addr, data):
|
|
||||||
addr -= 0x40000
|
|
||||||
self._data[addr:addr + len(data)] = data
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def set_flag(self, flag):
|
|
||||||
addr = 0x5a100
|
|
||||||
addr -= 0x40000
|
|
||||||
self._data[addr:addr + len(flag)] = flag
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_rela(self):
|
|
||||||
rela_addr = Stream(self.get_data(self.dynt_rela, 8)).read_u64()
|
|
||||||
rela_size = Stream(self.get_data(self.dynt_relasz, 8)).read_u64()
|
|
||||||
return Rela(rela_addr, rela_size, self)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def get_symbol(self, i):
|
|
||||||
sym_data = self.get_data(self.symtab + 0x18 * i, 0x18)
|
|
||||||
return Symbol(sym_data)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def set_breakpoint(self, addr, func, res):
|
|
||||||
self.breakpoints[addr] = (func, res)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def apply_relocs(self):
|
|
||||||
rela = self.get_rela()
|
|
||||||
patched_code = False
|
|
||||||
asm = ""
|
|
||||||
while True:
|
|
||||||
entry = rela.pop()
|
|
||||||
if not entry:
|
|
||||||
break
|
|
||||||
symbol = self.get_symbol(entry.symbol)
|
|
||||||
dst_name = regs[entry.addr] if entry.addr in regs else f'[{hex(entry.addr)}]'
|
|
||||||
line = f'{hex(entry.offset)}: '
|
|
||||||
if entry.type == 1:
|
|
||||||
data_int = (symbol.value + entry.addend) % 2**64
|
|
||||||
data = struct.pack('<Q', data_int)
|
|
||||||
line += f'add {dst_name}, r{entry.symbol}, ${hex(entry.addend)}'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif entry.type == 5:
|
|
||||||
data = self.get_data(symbol.value + entry.addend, symbol.size)
|
|
||||||
line += f'mov {dst_name}, [r{entry.symbol}].{symbol.size}'
|
|
||||||
if entry.addend != 0:
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
elif entry.type == 8:
|
|
||||||
data_int = entry.addend
|
|
||||||
data = struct.pack('<Q', data_int)
|
|
||||||
src_name = f'&{regs[entry.addend]}' if entry.addend in regs else f'${hex(entry.addend)}'
|
|
||||||
line += f'mov {dst_name}, {src_name}'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
print(hex(entry.type))
|
|
||||||
raise
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
line += ' ' * (50 - len(line)) + f'# {bytes(data).hex()}'
|
|
||||||
if entry.addr > entry.offset and entry.addr < 0x49000:
|
|
||||||
next_instr = rela.peek()
|
|
||||||
if not (entry.addr >= next_instr.offset and entry.addr < next_instr.offset + 0x18):
|
|
||||||
line += " PATCHING FAR"
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
line += ' PATCHING CODE'
|
|
||||||
asm += line + '\n'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if entry.offset in self.breakpoints:
|
|
||||||
stop = not self.breakpoints[entry.offset][0](self, entry, line, data, self.breakpoints[entry.offset][1])
|
|
||||||
if stop:
|
|
||||||
return asm, stop
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
self.set_data(entry.addr, data)
|
|
||||||
if entry.addr >= 0x41000 and entry.addr < 0x41083:
|
|
||||||
patched_code = True
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
asm += '#End of block\n'
|
|
||||||
return asm, patched_code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def fetch_r4(elf, entry, asm, data, res):
|
|
||||||
if data != b'\x00':
|
|
||||||
res.append(True)
|
|
||||||
return True
|
|
||||||
else:
|
|
||||||
return False
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def check(elf, entry, asm, data):
|
|
||||||
if data == b'\x00':
|
|
||||||
print(asm)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def main():
|
|
||||||
elf = Elf('./svartalfheim')
|
|
||||||
asm = ""
|
|
||||||
n = 0
|
|
||||||
while n <= 3:
|
|
||||||
#print('---')
|
|
||||||
step_asm, patched_code = elf.apply_relocs()
|
|
||||||
if patched_code:
|
|
||||||
asm += '# NATIVE CODE LOADING:\n'
|
|
||||||
n += 1
|
|
||||||
elf.dump(f'./dumps/pydumped{n}')
|
|
||||||
asm += step_asm
|
|
||||||
flag = bytearray(0x46)
|
|
||||||
for i in range(0x46):
|
|
||||||
for b in range(0x30, 127):
|
|
||||||
n = 4
|
|
||||||
flag[i] = b
|
|
||||||
before_read = copy.deepcopy(elf)
|
|
||||||
res = []
|
|
||||||
before_read.set_breakpoint(0x47000, fetch_r4, res)
|
|
||||||
before_read.set_breakpoint(0x47270, fetch_r4, res)
|
|
||||||
before_read.set_flag(flag)
|
|
||||||
while n < 7:
|
|
||||||
step_asm, patched_code = before_read.apply_relocs()
|
|
||||||
if patched_code:
|
|
||||||
asm += '# NATIVE CODE LOADING:\n'
|
|
||||||
n += 1
|
|
||||||
elf.dump(f'./dumps/pydumped{n}')
|
|
||||||
break
|
|
||||||
asm += step_asm
|
|
||||||
if len(res) == 2 * (i + 1):
|
|
||||||
print(flag)
|
|
||||||
break
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#print(asm)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|
||||||
main()
|
|
||||||
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Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user